My White Wife Wants A Black Baby

A tester for the control coils

If you build power transformers, coils for electric motors or chokes for filters of speakers, you know it can happen that the winding machine flayed the varnish insulation from copper wire. If a few turns are shorted, you'll never notice it. So, to detect these defects, it'll just build this unit.


Despite the high resistance of the coating deposited on the wire enamel, it is not uncommon during the winding phase nuclei the wire is frayed, causing short circuits. Search
to discover, once the winding is complete, if one or more turns are shorted by using a multimeter switched ohmmeter is virtually impossible.
Indeed, a total resistance of a few tens of ohms, it is unlikely to be able to see a difference value close 0.00000001 ohms!
The problem is not so far minor, because if the winding of a transformer has shorted turns, it will overheat so it will not even be possible to lay hands on it. If the turns are short-circuit in the coil of a speaker filter, the sound will suffer distortion.
Whoever has tried to obtain commercially a device that can detect if a coil has shorted turns do certainly will not be found.
For this reason we thought to realize that this assembly will be of great use to all who bobinent their own transformers or manufacture inductors for filters. Whoever buys
coils already done immediately want to turn the pages of this article, thinking that the device may only be of no use to him. However, you can use for other applications like, for example, a limit simple and convenient.
If, on the end of a rod you have a metal ring as soon as the bar tester comes in, the buzzer will ring (see Figure 6).

The wiring diagram
To achieve this setup we used a single integrated circuit and two transistors. For a description of its operation we start from the first NAND gate contained within a 4011 (see Figure 1 IC1-A) mounted in sinusoidal oscillator. With the number of turns that we recommend to coil on the ferrite bar L1, we can obtain the frequency of about 6000 Hz with an amplitude of 1 V. The adjusted R 2 connected to the A L1 can find the point of initiation of the oscillator stage.
The resulting signal is applied through the C4 on the second NAND IC1-B, mounted amplifier stage. At its output we find a signal of about 6 V, which is applied by C6 in DS1 and DS2 for a voltage of about 5 V. R7 in turn transmits this voltage at the base of TR1, a BC547. With this voltage the transistor is conducting and its collector connects to ground R8 and R10, thus blocking the second oscillator stage compound the other two NAND IC1 and IC1-C-D and TR2, a BC547 well. When the ferrite bar of the tester is completely inserted in a coil having one or more turns in short circuit, the NAND IC1-A stops swinging, no more signal fails on DS1 and DS2 and TR1, no longer polarized ceases to operate.
Its collector voltage rises to about 9 V (logic 1). This tension, which reaches the input of the NAND IC1-C can make it active and oscillates at a frequency of 1 kHz, made audible by the piezoelectric transducer. The oscillator stage, consisting of IC1 and IC1-C-D, as a VCO, we get a low score when the ferrite is approached our unit coil having one or more turns in short circuit and a note sharp when the bar fully inserted within the same coil.
To feed this circuit, we use a 9 V battery

Figure 1: Diagram of the tester to monitor the presence of shorted turns in a coil.

The practical
The trickiest part, but certainly not impossible, for the coil of wire on the ferrite rod coil L1.
To achieve this winding must 220 turns of enamelled wire diameter of 0.15 mm (15/100). Since the coil has a plug (B) in the 25th turn of the beginning (A), we suggest you proceed as follows: With a piece of tape, attach the top of the line (A) on the bar in leaving exceed 4 to 5 cm to be able to connect to the circuit at point A. Winding 25 turns, and made a loop of 4 to 5 cm long, which corresponds to taking B to be connected to point B then the circuit board. Then, continue by performing the 195 winding turns remaining. This finished, you also have the end of the coil C is connected to point C near the condenser C3.
To prevent the windings become loose, you can keep up with a piece of tape or using a drop of cellulosic glue.
The number of turns is not critical even if you coil 25 turns between A and B and 190 or 230 turns taken between B and C, the circuit will still work perfectly.
We recall that the ferrite bar is very fragile, a fall on the ground can reduce the crumbs. After completing the winding of L1, you can focus on assembling components on printed circuit LX.1397. First, install the support of integrated circuit IC1, then every including adjustable resistors R2.
This being done, get all the silicon diodes by directing the black ring painted on their bodies as shown on the site plan in Figure 3.
Particular attention should be paid to the diodes DS1 and DS2 as if they are mounted in the wrong direction, the circuit will not work. Accordingly, point the black ring of DS2 to capacitor C5 and that of DS1 in reverse.
You may continue by soldering the single ceramic capacitor (C2) near the adjustable polyester capacitors and electrolytic capacitors in the polarity of their feet.
Now fit the two transistors in orienting the flat side of C9 to TR1 and TR2 of the flat part towards the support of IC1.
Before attaching the ferrite bar on the PCB, insert the circuit IC1 in its socket with his cue-U keyed to the capacitor C11. On the ferrite bar you need to insert the two plastic holders that are set in the two holes on the PCB.
Before welding the son marked A, B and C on the pins that you already welded on the PCB, you should scrape the veneer of son with a knife or a razor blade so you can solder and solder easily . Do
no sandpaper as you may break the thread. There is another method to remove the varnish on the thread.
It is to approach the wire from the flame of a lighter to burn the varnish. Do not insist too much.
Then, scratching is facilitated. C
wire is welded to the capacitor C3, the wire B on the ground strip and the wire A on the track that runs adjustable R2 (see Figure 3). To complete the installation, just to weld the piezoelectric transducer, the son of the battery connector and those of the switch S1. Subsequently, the cell will be set in the empty bottom of the box, the buzzer and the switch will fixed on the front of the box.

Figure 2: Pinout BC547 viewed from below and the IC 4011 viewed from above.

PCB scale 1.

Figure 3: Diagram of location of components of the tester to short-circuit in the windings. On the ferrite bar must winding number of turns specified in the text. The bar will be fixed on the printed circuit using two plastic clips.

Iist
R1 ......... 1 MΩ
R2 ......... 20 kW Adjustable
R3 ......... 10 kilohms R4
......... R5 150 kΩ
......... 1 MΩ
R6 ......... R7 220 kΩ
......... R8 100 kΩ
......... 22 kW
R9 ......... R10 680 Ω
........ R11 220 kΩ
........ R12 330 kΩ
........ R13 15 kΩ
........ R14 100 kΩ
........ 1 MΩ R15
........ 10 kilohms R16
........ 10 kW
C1 ......... 150 nF polyester
C2 ......... 100 pF ceramic
......... C3 220 nF polyester
C4 ......... C5 22 nF polyester
......... C6 10 nF polyester
......... C7 220 nF polyester
......... C8 220 nF polyester
......... 47 uF electrolytic C9
......... 4.7 uF electrolytic
C10 ........ 15 nF polyester
C11 ........ 100 nF polyester
DS1 ........ 1N4148
DS2 ........ 1N4148
DS3 ........ 1N4148
DS4 ........ 1N4148
DS5 ........ 1N4148 TR1
........ TR2 BC547 NPN
........ BC547 NPN
CP1 ........ piezoelectric transducer
L1 ......... coil
IC1 ........ CD4011 CMOS
S1 ......... PCB switch
CI.1397 Complete kit with box LX.1397
Unless otherwise specified, all resistors are 1 / 4 W 5%.


Figure 4: Photograph of prototype circuit completely wired.
Using

After installation, upon powering the buzzer sounds, the first clear sign that the circuit works. To stop the sound, turn R2 slowly until it disappears. Now, try to bring the ferrite rod in a metal ring to simulate a turn short-circuit (see Figure 6), the buzzer sounds and the notes instantly becomes increasingly acute as and as you increase penetration of the bar in the ring.

Installation in the cabinet
PCB is fixed in the cabinet with three screws on the bottom of the plastic case. On face avant en aluminium, il faut percer 4 trous : un pour fixer S1, deux pour fixer le buzzer et le dernier, en face du trou central du buzzer afin de permettre une meilleure sortie du son.
Du côté de la sortie du barreau de ferrite, il ne faut pas installer le panneau métallique. Pourquoi ? Tout simplement parce que le panneau et son trou pour le passe du barreau se comporteraient comme une spire en court-circuit!

Figure 5 : Le circuit est fixé dans le coffret en plastique à l’aide de trois vis. Dans la partie vide en bas du coffret sera logée la pile 9 volts.

Figure 6 : Lorsque le barreau de ferrite commence à sentence to be inserted into a metal ring simulating a turn short-circuit, the buzzer begins to sound immediately.

TV

Waterproof Clothing Pool Cleaning

modulator VHF TV without a SCART converter

The modulator, which generates a video + audio signal of about 70 dBmV in the VHF range (45 - 85 MHz) can be directly connected to the antenna input of any TV without SCART (Scart).
It will connect to an old television, still fit for service, a video camera, VCR or any device with a video + audio output.


Figure 1: Photograph of the component side of the TV modulator. The circuit board is installed in the cabinet.

Figure 2: The ground strip disposed on the perimeter of the circuit board is soldered by a few points on the sides of the metal box.

Almost all modern TVs are equipped with a scart (scart). However, you may have an old one but still works perfectly without making that famous.
Without this, you can not connect a VCR or a small CCD video camera except as to have a device with its own module.
If this is not the case, there is still a solution: make a small TV modulator that generates a VHF (Very High Frequency - Very High Frequency, the abbreviation THF is still sometimes used). That is what we propose in this article.
In practice this module behaves like a small transmitter.
Thus, if we allow the TV to its broadcast frequency, we can see the pictures from a VCR or video camera for example. The modulator
we propose to undertake, was designed to operate in the VHF range extending from 45 to 85 MHz. This choice was dictated not only because the oscillator stage operates more stable on these frequencies but also because, on this portion of the band, there is almost no TV transmitters. Thus, our signal will almost never run the risk of being disturbed by external signals.
To achieve this arrangement, we tried various video modulators, and among those we tried, the one who gave us the greatest satisfaction is the LM1889 manufactured by National Semiconductor.
As you can see the drawing of Figure 3, within the integrated circuit we find different floors. We use or the summing stage, or stage of the chroma, because of all the video and all cameras, sor t-composite video signal.
the two oscillators in the circuit (see CSOs. A and CSOs. B) we used the oscillator stage A only.
If the integrated circuit has two floors oscillator is that, normally, one is designed to operate on lower frequencies (45 to 60 MHz) and the other to operate on higher frequencies (60 to 85 MHz). With the adjustable capacitor
we inserted in parallel with the tuning coil, we can set the circuit a minimum of 45 MHz to a maximum of 85 MHz.
Thus, we have no use for the other oscillator between pins 6 and 7.
A third floor, CSOs. AUDIO (audio oscillator, see pin 15), we used to obtain a frequency of 5.5 MHz modules we FM (frequency modulation) using a varactor. The video and audio signals are sampled on both output pins 10 and 11.

Figure 3: Block diagram of the stages contained within the LM1889. In our modulator we do not use the summing stage, neither the chroma oscillator stage, because the recorders and video cameras provide a composite video signal.

Figure 4: The video and audio available on the outputs of many CCD cameras or more will be applied to the ports for the input of the modulator. The signal available at output OUT RF modulator will be directly applied to the antenna connector on the TV using a coaxial cable of 75 ohms or, failing that, of 52 ohms.

Electrical diagram
After describing the block diagram of the LM1889 integrated circuit, we now proceed to complete wiring diagram reproduced in Figure 5.
The video signal applied to the socket on the bottom left of the diagram and marked "INP. VIDEO "joins the input pin 13 of the LM1889 through capacitor C4.
For a VHF signal can cover the range from 45 to 85 MHz, we connected between pins 8 and 9 of the oscillator stage, a small inductor microhenry of 0.27 (see JAF1) and, in parallel with the latter, we put a capacitor of 3.3 pF capacitor and an adjustable 5 / 50 pF (see C9) to be able to vary the frequency.
The signal to be applied to the TV input is taken from pins 10 and 11 that we supply with a voltage of 12 volts through the resistor R19 of 75 ohms.
The low pass filter composed of two capacitors C16 and C17 and inductor JAF2 is located in series with the output line RF OUT (VHF output).
His goal is mitigation of all harmonic frequencies above 120 MHz. Indeed, if these entered into the TV, this could cause interference.
To calculate the cutoff frequency of this filter, we use the following formula:
Frequency = 318 MHz: √ [JAF2 (in uH) x (C16 + C17 in pF)]
With the values of scheme we get.
318: √ [0.22 x (15 +15)] = 123 MHz
The audio signal is applied to the socket on the top left of the diagram and marked INP. AUDIO joined through capacitor C1, the base of TR1. This transistor, first, a role amplifier but by 4 also provides pre-emphasis signal to meet the high frequencies.
The AF signal (Low Frequency) amplified and pre-emphasized, present at the collector of transistor TR1, is applied through C3, the varactor DV1, which performs frequency modulation (FM) signal generated by the oscillator stage Audio located at pin 15.
The frequency generated by the audio oscillator must be 5.5 MHz, to obtain it, we used a medium frequency transformer of 10.7 MHz with a core of green. Then, we lowered its operating frequency the required value by applying the parallel capacitor C6 150 pF. By turning the core of this coil, we can adjust its frequency to 5.5 MHz exactly. The carrier
audio modulated FM must then be mixed with the video carrier. To do this, we collect in rake to pin 15 of IC1, through resistor R12 of 15 kilohms and capacitor C7 22 pF, and we apply it to pin 12 of our LM1889.
For this pin is fed by a voltage equal to half the supply voltage, we placed the divider bridge formed by R13, R14 and R15 of 2200 ohms.
The maximum signal we can apply decision INP. VIDEO should be around 1 volt peak to peak. In fact it has little importance because this tension is the standard value that delivers all the video equipment (VTRs, cameras).
adjustable potentiometer R9 connected to the video input is used to move the black level. Specifically, by acting on the slider R9, we can vary the contrast of the image.
The maximum signal applied to the INP socket. AUDIO shall not exceed 1.5 volts peak to peak. If the audio signal applied to the input has a lower amplitude, increase the TV volume. By cons, if the amplitude is higher, we can see on the image of diagonal stripes, the result of overloading BF.
The modulator must be supplied with an external voltage of 12 volts and as consumption is only 40 mA, a small model is good enough.

Figure 5: Diagram of Modulator Video / Audio. On the left, we represented the pinout of the transistor BC547 seen below, the side where the pins out of the box.

Figure 6: Schematic implementation of the modulator video / audio. The adjustable R9 changes the image contrast, the adjustable capacitor C9 is used to vary the frequency of the video signal. In the kit, the taking of inputs and outputs are already fixed on the metal box.

List components of the modulator LX.1413
R1: 330 kΩ
R2: 75 Ω
R3: 2.2 kΩ
R4 470 Ω R5
: 47 kilohm
A6: 47 kilohm
R7: 2, 2 k
R8: 1.2 kΩ
R9: 1 kilohm adjustable
R10: 1.5 kΩ
R11: 27 kΩ
R12: 15 kΩ
R13: 2.2 kΩ
R14: 2.2 kΩ R15
: 2 , 2 k
R16: 220 Ω
R17: 220 Ω
R18: 100 Ω
R19: 75 Ω
C1: 10 uF chemical
C2: 150 uF polyester
C3: 470 nF polyester
C4: C5 10 uF chemical
: 100 nF polyester
C6: 150 pF
ceramic C7: 22 pF ceramic
C8: 3.3 pF ceramic
C9: 2 / 50 adjustable
pF C10: 10 nF ceramic
C11: 100 nF polyester
C12: 100 nF ceramic
C13: 100 nF ceramic C14
: 100 nF polyester
C15: 47 uF chemical
C16: 15 pF ceramic
C17: 15 pF ceramic
TR1: NPN Transistor BC547
DV1: BB139 varactor diode
JAF1: Self
0.27 uH JAF2: 0.22 uH Self
MF1: Transfo average frequency 10.7 MHz (green nucleus)
IC1: LM1889 Integrated Circuit
Note: Unless otherwise specified, all resistors are 1 / 4 watt, 5%.

Misc: 2 TV sockets
female solder chassis
taken a male TV chassis for welding a metal housing



Practical realization
The printed circuit board in hand, you can mount all components by placing them as it is shown in Figure 6.
To begin, we recommend welding the support for the integrated circuit IC1. After checking that all the pins are soldered, you can ride all resistance. In this regard, for resistance of 75 ohms, it should be noted that the colors that are purple - green - brown. If you have any doubt, measure it with a multimeter, you read well 75 ohms. After the resistors, you can solder the varactor DV1 directing his ring to R12.
continue with the assembly by welding ceramic capacitors, polyester capacitors and electrolytic.
For the latter, watch out for + / - on their feet. Solder
now potentiometer R9, capacitor C9 and the two adjustable chokes JAF1 - JAF2.
Inductance JAF1 is marked 0.27 and the JAF2 0.22.
It remains to solder the transistor TR1 to be mounted near the outlet INP. VIDEO orienting its flat side to the capacitor C2.
Within three holes drilled to accommodate the input jacks and audio output, it is necessary to weld a small piece of stiff copper wire (drop tail component), then the two holes at the bottom of the circuit, solder a black wire into the hole marked in red and a less marked one more.
Having finished, place the LM1889 circuit on its support, taking care to direct its benchmark-keyed U to the capacitor C14. The PCB will
placed in a metal box, but first he must break into the side hole of 5 mm to ensure the passage of feeding son.

mounting in the housing
Assembly must absolutely be completely shielded. For this, we provide in the kit a metal housing on which are already fixed the 3 coax jacks, 2 females for audio and video inputs and 1 male for output.
If you make the box yourself, get inspired pictures. This case can also be manufactured with epoxy single sided on all sides are welded to ensure shielding. For the sides, copper must be inwards. To weld the top and bottom, copper will be turned outwards. Do not solder the bottom before putting in place and soldered the circuit board. Do not weld the lid on all sides but only by points spaced about a centimeter, otherwise you will have the greatest difficulty in the desoldering for a possible intervention on the circuit.
Take the circuit board and slide it into the case, then weld on the side where no components are installed, welded copper track located on the perimeter of PCB to the enclosure.
There is no need to make a continuous line, but to weld on the perimeter with 3 or 4 points.
must also weld the three pieces of stiff wire plug on their respective input and output.
Before asking the cover, you must adjust R9, C9 and medium frequency transformer core MF1.

Setting C9.
C9 used to tune the modulator to the frequency of TV channel that we chose in the VHF band.
If you have a VCR or a camera, you can take the video signal output jack and apply on decision INP. VIDEO. The RF output terminal OUT is connected to the antenna connector on the TV via a coaxial cable of 75 ohms, the model commonly used for this purpose.
Suppose we set the TV to one of the first VHF channels, you must then turn with a small screwdriver, adjustable capacitor C9 until you see an image appear on the TV screen.
There are TVs that automatically explores the whole VHF band and stop when they encounter a signal.
If you have a pattern generator, as LX.1351 our example, you can connect it as shown in Figure 7, then turn C9 to display the image of the pattern on the screen.
After tuning the TV, you can adjust R9 so as to obtain a perfectly mixed.
This being done, there will be touch R9.

Figure 7: If you have no camera, but you have a TV test pattern generator, you can inject the video / audio input, then set to show C9 on the TV screen image of sight. For this, the TV must be tuned to the VHF range.

Adjustment with a generator BF
If you have at your disposal or VCR or pattern generator, be aware that you can use any audio oscillator producing a square wave to your settings.
The output of the generator is connected BF on taking INP. VIDEO OUT jack on the RF antenna of the TV.
If you set the generator to 500 Hz, you will see on the screen 5 horizontal lines (see Figure 9).
If you chock on a frequency very close to 31 250 Hz, double the 15 625 Hz which is the horizontal scan rate, a single vertical line appears on the screen.
Now try to lock onto the frequency of 46,875 Hz and you will see on the screen two vertical bars, if you set it to 62 500 Hz, which is four times the scanning frequency, you get 4 vertical bars (see Figure 10).

Figure 8: For the TV set, you can apply to the video input signal sampled at the output of a low frequency generator capable of providing a square wave.

Figure 9: The LF generator set to 500 Hz, the screen shows five horizontal bars. Set to 31 250 Hz, one vertical bar to appear.

Figure 10: If LF generator is set to 46 875 Hz on the screen we see two vertical bars. Set to 62 500 Hz, 3 vertical bars are that we see on the screen.

Figure 11: To adjust the core MF1, you can apply on the input jack, a sinusoidal signal frequency between 400 and 2 000 Hz

Audio Setup
After setting the video signal, you must adjust the audio signal. If you sample the audio signal from a VCR, you must set the core of MF1 to obtain the speaker sound free of distortion.
If you do not have a VCR, you can proceed to adjust the audio signal using an audio oscillator producing a sine wave.
For this setting the output of the LF generator is connected to the outlet INP.
AUDIO (see Figure 11). Allow the generator to a frequency between 400 and 2000 Hz, then adjust the amplitude of the signal so as not to exceed 1.5 volts peak to peak.
Slowly turn the core MF1 until the speaker produces a sound free of distortion.
No signal being applied to the INP VIDEO jack, do not be surprised that the screen stays black.

Calories In Chinese Curry Chicken

mono / stereo dual-zone burglar

How many of you have some old recordings on CD monophonic "vinyl" or on tape? If you've relegated to the bottom of the attic, it's time to go find them! The circuit that we propose in this paper is capable of converting any signal mono audio signal into a stereo.


course you can also listen to your old TV or audio from your microphone with excellent panoramic stereo!
FM radio stations can use this circuit to transmit all their old tapes in stereo and make their listeners an amazing surprise. Our converter
mono / stereo consists of only three integrated circuits and its manufacturing cost, widely available, is one more reason to try it.

The wiring diagram
For this project, we used operational amplifiers NE5532 from Philips as they provide a signal without noise and debit output enough current to power a stereo headset.
The first four amplifiers that appear on the diagram of Figure 4 (IC1/AB and IC2/AB) are used for 360 ° phase shift the signal applied to their input. The signal at the output of IC2-B is sent through the resistors R15 and R23, the respective inverting inputs of amplifiers IC3 IC3-A and-B.
On the same entries are also sent the signal collected by the inverter S1 input jack (see STEREO 1) or pin output of the amplifier IC1-A (see STEREO 2).
The amp IC3-A adds the phase signal to the input to produce the left channel of the stereo output.
The amp IC3-B subtracts the phase signal from that input to produce the right channel stereo output.
With the inverter three-position S1, we can choose between a normal stereo effect (STEREO 1), very pronounced (STEREO 2) or a mono signal (MONO).
The signal to be applied to the input of the converter must be provided by a preamplifier capable of controlling the tone and volume (see Figures 2 and 3).
The stereo signal at the output of the converter can be listened to with headphones or stereo inputs applied to a power amplifier through two shielded cables.
converter accepts a supply voltage between 9 V (minimum) and 30 V (maximum). It consumes a current of 20 mA and can be powered with two 9 V batteries connected in series to obtain a voltage of 18 V.

Figure 1: Photograph of the converter circuit mono / stereo mounted.

Figure 2: The signal to be applied to the input of the mono / stereo should be provided by a preamplifier capable of controlling the tone and volume.

Figure 3: If you are a musician, trying to listen to your performance using headphones or an amplifier Hi-Fi stereo (see Figure 8). You'll be thrilled!

Figure 4: Diagram of converter mono / stereo.
This circuit is powered with a voltage of between 9 and 30 volts.

Figure 5: View of connections NE5532 integrated circuit used in this project. Do not try to replace it with a TL082 as it provides a signal with low noise and sufficient current to power a stereo headset.

Figure 6: The circuit can be mounted inside a plastic housing.
In the kit, the holes are already made.

List components LX.1391
R1: R2
22 kW: 22 kW
R3: R4
22 kW: 22 kW
R5 R6
22 kW: 22 kW
A7: 22 kW
R8 : 22 kΩ
R9 : 22 kΩ
R10 : 22 kΩ
R11 : 22 kΩ
R12 : 22 kΩ
R13 : 10 kΩ
R14 : 10 kΩ
R15 : 22 kΩ
R16 : 22 kΩ
R17 : 22 kΩ
R18 : 22 kΩ
R19 : 100 Ω
R20 : 100 Ω
R21 : 22 kΩ
R22 : 22 kΩ
R23 : 22 kΩ
R24 : 22 kΩ
R25 : 10 kΩ
R26 : 10 kΩ
C1 : 1 μF polyester
C2 : 22 nF polyester
C3 : 470 nF polyester
C4 : 100 nF polyester
C5 : 22 nF polyester
C6 : 470nF polyester
C7 : 22nF polyester
C8 : 470nF polyester
C9 : 100nF polyester
C10: 22nF polyester
C11: 47 uF electrolytic
C12: 22 pF ceram.
C13: C14 220 uF electrolytic
: 220 uF electrolytic
C15: 22 pF ceram.
C16: C17 100nF polyester
: 220 uF electrolytic
C18: 47 uF electrolytic
DS1: Diode 1N4007 IC1
: integrated circuit IC2
NE5532: NE5532 integrated circuit IC3
: IC NE5532
S1: 3 position switch

Figure 7: Implementation plan components.
The male headphone jack should be connected to the female jack on the right side of the circuit (OUTPUT STEREO).

Figure 7: Drawing of a printed circuit scale.

Figure 8: To use a Hi-Fi stereo amp, draw the mono signal to a preamplifier capable of controlling the tone and volume. Connect the stereo output of the converter to the left and right power amp with two shielded cables.

Practical realization
LX.1391 On the printed circuit board (see Figures 7 and 7a), you can start welding the mounting brackets for integrated circuits IC1 and IC2 IC3, resistors and LED DS1.
Insert all electrolytic capacitors, ceramic and polyester.
Now install the female jack for stereo headphones and if you intend to connect the converter to an amplifier, attach two RCA sockets (for BF) of the same type as that used for the input.
Once editing is complete, insert the ICs in their positioning notches-keyed towards the right (see Figure 7).
Attach the circuit board inside its plastic casing with four self tapping screws and place the inverter S1 at three positions on the front.
On the back of the casing, drill three small holes, one for audio input jack and two power cables.
To verify the proper functioning of the device, simply apply a mono signal to the audio input of the converter and listen to the signal output by the inverter switch S1 between its three positions.

How Do Malar Rashes Look

Mini Camper

What a happy owner of a camper may leave the peace of mind leaving his property to the greed of thieves?
Not you! To restore your sleep and peace, Central here is a smart new design, equipped with ultrasonic sensors of high technology. This plant is capable of covering both areas and operate separately. The management is entrusted to a PIC 12C508 microcontroller programmed to process the alarm signals, data from the decoder remote control and activating a powerful siren. Of course, this alarm can also be used in any other large vehicle or even a house. Who can do more can do less!


Technical
The Alarm two areas for campers, cars, trucks, buildings, we offer in these lines is controlled by a microprocessor and operates with ultrasonic sensors autonomous. A remote control via radio (remote) is provided to enable / disable the alarm and a physical key provides a manual operation.
A button is provided for activation and deactivation of the second area, useful for campers or other large vehicle when the driver is inside the cockpit (control) or in the living area. A siren
miniature high performance ensures the alert. Light signaling an alarm LED, remaining lit even after disabling the plant.

 Voltage ...................... SW1 closed ......... 12 VDC supply voltage 
 ...................... SW1 open ........ 24 Vdc Current consumption 
 .......................... Standy ............ 8 mA Current consumption 
 .......................... Max ............... 1 A number of areas 
 ............................................ ..... 2 * 
 Work frequency sensors ............................... 40 kHz Coverage 
 sensors ......................................... 0.3 to 3 m 
 Delay activation after power voltage ..................... 30 seconds 
 Combinations of the remote ................................. 13 122 ** 
 range of remote control ....................................... 100 m 
 frequency remote control .................................... 433.92 MHz 

* The first is automatically activated with the remote, the second turns on and off locally with SW2.
** These are the transmitter beyond 19 000, if the system uses the last bit to logic 1 or 0 by excluding the high impedance state .

In all systems of locks and alarms available, it certainly lacked something simple and functional designed for tight spaces such as motorhomes used by many families for a walk or go for short weekend trips to the sea or mountains. The theft proposed in these pages fills this gap by providing benefits worthy of the major brands. This is a management device for controlling two zones independently, two different sectors such as the cab and living area in order to protect the entire vehicle for the absence owners or security people who sleep there at night to avoid the intrusion of robbers through the doors of the cabin. Naturally, nothing prevents to exploit the possibilities of the device to fit into the houses, it is sufficient to provide a 12 volt, preferably after a battery for the reasons you can guess! In this regard, we note that it is also possible to feed the circuit at 24 volts, making it adaptable to the lock coaches, trucks and industrial vehicles.
In this area, our burglar will be very useful, for example, for making long coach journeys and drivers stop night to sleep. This two-zone system allows the monitoring of baggage bins, if they are rigid structure, when the driver is on board or if the vehicle away for any reason. Does not elaborate further on these considerations and see the practical part by analyzing the electrical diagram of Figure 1 to understand how our plant.

Study schema
This is a very complex circuit in view of the opportunities. It is built around a small microprocessor produced by MICROCHIP. This is the PIC 12C508 with 8-bit architecture that incorporates a Program Memory Type PROM or EPROM (version perforated ceramic). On this map you will find a main terminal (six lines I / O (input / output) and of course two power terminals) and two additional terminals (4 pads per terminal) for sensors.
network reset the power (Power-On Reset) is internal, so there is no need to wire a network RC (resistor / capacitor) external. In our application, the microphone works by using all available lines. After initialization (power), the inputs / outputs are configured as follows: Pin 2 operates as input / output as bidirectional line used to control the lighting of the LED LD1. It periodically checks the status of the SW2 button used to reset the lights on the alarm input / zone.
Pin 3 is an output, such as 5 and 6, while 4 and 7 are both entries. Note that, upon powering up the circuit, the PIC gives the logic zero on pin 2 for ten seconds, the LED lit continuously during that period. To understand the operation of the plant, analyze the circuit diagram in blocks by decomposing the various elements. We see:
- A receiver for the remote and performed with the hybrid with U3.
- The control unit and management built around the microcontroller U4, Section activation / deactivation of alarm inputs and 2 zones.
- The entrance of the alarm and power supply consists of a regulator U1 and elements that accompany it. Let
latter indicating that the main voltage must be applied to the terminals + and V-8-pin terminal block.
Depending on the applied voltage input, 12 or 24 volts, the switch SW1 must be respectively closed or open. 24 V, you must open SW1, which will allow the resistance R1 to absorb the difference of potential and current limiting. Select correctly SW1 before applying voltage to never have more than 12 V across the siren.
The integrated regulator U1 (classic 7805) provides 5 volts though stabilized for the whole game logic, the PIC 12C508 microprocessor, U2 and the hybrid decoder U3.
As for the remote, it is the element that allows you to enable or disable remote station, only the first zone (SENSOR 1). The second area we will see, is operated locally through SW2.
Mini transmitter and the receiver are a 433 MHz single-channel remote. The first press of the transmitter to activate the system, the second press deactivates the third on again, etc..
The signal from the remote reaches the antenna (U2 pin 3) of the hybrid receiver BC-NBK manufactured by AUREL. This AM receiver, tuned to 433.92 MHz, will demodulate the signal to return at the output (pin 14), the digitized code in the form of TTL pulses (0 / 5 V).
Available data on pin 14 go directly to the decoder 9 of U3. The latter, a MC145028 MOTOROLA, will decrypt the coded signal by the MC155026 incorporated into the remote TX1C-SAW-433.
To function properly, the first 8 switches 3 states DS1 must be positioned identically to those of the transmitter, if the command does not work.
When we transmit the signal by pressing the button, the decoder verifies the U3 and analysis code. If it does coincide with that of pins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 15, 14, 13 and 12 (respectively the bits 1-9) sets the output code by holding the pin 11 to a high level for the duration of the transmission. With diode D2 (which with the diode D1 form a logic OR), state 1 is applied to the enable input (pin 4) of the microprocessor U4 is that the control unit of the plant.
D1 and D2 recover the signal, the input is done by remote control or by entering the auxiliary ON AUX (auxiliary). The latter can be connected to a switch or a hidden key to manually turn the lock.
The system provides for a downtime of about 30 seconds before he could detect an alarm to allow the user away from the vehicle.
To disable it, it must use a remote control that is the only way to avoid the siren goes off when you enter the motorhome. Remember that the PIC receives nival 0 / 1 logic on pin 4 and thus enables or disables the lock alternately. The first active pulse and the second off, and so on. Standby, that is to say when the system is off, the alarm inputs are inactive because the transistors T1 and T2, that supplies the ultrasonic sensors are inactive (pins 5 and 6 sont au 0 logique). Dans ce cas, les capteurs se retrouvent déconnectés du reste du circuit et, de ce fait, on a une consommation qui s’élève à peine à 8 mA. Quand on allume la centrale à l’aide de la télécommande ou de l’entrée ON AUX, la première zone (capteur SENSOR 1) est immédiatement activée. Le microprocesseur maintient à un niveau haut sa broche 6, ce qui sature T1 et ferme le circuit d’alimentation du capteur à ultrasons. Notez la présence des diodes zener DZ1 et DZ2 qui servent à limiter à 12 V la tension appliquée aux capteurs.
En premier, seule la zone 1 est activée et le PIC ne prendra en considération les impulsions alarm after 30 seconds. Make sure that this delay is not changed because the alarm would go off immediately, thanks to smart sensors.
The two elements selected in this embodiment are the U.S. EYE-A8 RILUS AUREL, in three-son (the fourth is not used). They work at a frequency of 40 kHz. Each RILUS incorporates both transmitter and receiver and can cover an area of at least 3 meters on an arc of 70 ° omnidirectional. This real sensor, Doppler, is managed by a microprocessor that automatically calibrates the sensitivity according to the controlled environment.
30 seconds stand-by, from its power, it needs before being operational.
RILUS Each sensor has three son connected to the central two are for the positive and negative power (protected against reverse polarity), while the third is for the alarm output, point A of the Central . This is normally at logic 1 12 volt (the potential of the contact +) and returns to 0 in alarm. Pin 7 of U4 receives microwave pulses alarm regardless of the zone that produced them and does so through T3 which serves as a "point of centralization of data" and interpretation.
resistors R13 and R14 retrieve information from point "A" to control the transistor T3 (it is a PNP). When he yal'alarme, each logical 0 saturates the transistor T3 is 5 V pin 7 of U4 through DZ1. This voltage adaptation is necessary because the microprocessor operates at 5 volts and the voltage greater damage.
In practice, the zener diode DZ 1 limits the voltage to 5.1 volts from the moment it is powered by the collector of T3. The resistor R15 limits the current by introducing the necessary voltage drop. Receiving
one or more pulses of alarm, the PIC 12C508 starts the routine signaling. The routine is at logic high pin 3 of U4, conduction through the MOSFET T4 whose drain feeds into the mini siren ringing for 30 seconds. At the same time, it goes on standby and back to 0 pin 3, except if it does not fall under other alarms, or it makes yet another cycle of the same duration. In addition she turns on the LED LD1, generating a rectangular signal on pin 2.
Note that the siren is also used to produce the sound indications of activation and deactivation of the plant. It sounds a first After a brief (approximately 1 second) activation and three times in one second off.
As for the LED, it should be noted that it is used when Pin 2 is zero, but also to read the button state SW2, which itself has a dual function.
When pressed, after activation of the circuit and before raising an alarm, it activates the second zone (the first zone is activated at the same time that the plant).
While after the arrival of one or more pulses of ultrasonic sensors side RILUS, the button serves to reset the alarm memory, or extinguish the LED that lights by pressing the button immediately after turning off the system after an alarm. In practice, LD1 lights if the lock is disabled after observing a signal from the sensors.
It serves to inform the vehicle owner that the alarm was triggered at least once.
Clearly, if zone 2 has not been activated manually, it is clear that the trigger comes from the first zone. To reset the light, just press SW2 for a while. LED then remains lit until release button, the cathode is then connected to ground.
Note that in our experiments, the PIC generates a rectangular signal with which, at bottom, it feeds the diode LD1 that light up when he left off at the top. This is not accidental, but necessary to read the state of the button SW2. The latter is actually read on pin 2 is open collector. When SW2 is open, R2 serves as a pull-up and bring a 5 V on pin 2 of U4 so that if you press the SW2 pin 2 is found in the mass.
In resting conditions, pin 2 is always open, so if SW2 is released, it is state 1 when it is 0 if it is pressed. After an alarm, indicating tampering, the microprocessor closes the input cyclically open collector associated with the spindle 2, putting it to the ground: the times of logic 0 thus prohibit playback button that is authorized, on the contrary when output is open.

Figure 1: Diagram of the alarm for motorhome.

Figure 2: Diagram of location of the alarm components for motorhomes.

Figure 3: Design of printed circuit alarm Camper scale 1 / 1.

Iist
R1: 47 Ω 2 W
R2: 1 kilohm
R3: 47 kilohm
R4: 220 kΩ
R5 R6 22 kW
: 2.2 kΩ
A7: 22 kW
R8: 47 Ω
A9: 22 kW
R10: 47 Ω
R11 10 kilohms R12
: 22 kW
R13: R14
10 kW: 10 kW
R15: 470 Ω
C1: 470 uF 25 V electrolytic
C2: 470 uF 25 V electrolytic
C3: 100 nF multilayer
C4: 100 nF multilayer
C5: C6 22 nF multilayer
: 100 nF multilayer
D1 Diode 1N4148
D2 Diode 1N4148
D3 Diode 1N4007
SW1: Inter 1 contact for this
SW2: Pushbutton
T1: BC547B NPN Transistor
T2: BC547B NPN Transistor
T3: BC557B PNP Transistor T4
: Transistor Mosfet IRF540
DZ1: Zener Diode 5.1 V 1 / 2 W
DZ2: Zener Diode 12 V 1 / 2 W
DZ3: Zener Diode 12 V 1 / 2 W
LD1: 5mm Red LED.
U1: Voltage regulator U2
7805: Module Aurel BC-NBK
U3 U4
MC145028 integrated circuit: Microcontroller PIC12C508 with software MF274
DS1: Dip Switch 9-pole 3-position
sensor1: Sensor "Rilus" Aurel
SENSOR2 : Sensor "Rilus" Aurel
ANT: Antenna granted

Miscellaneous:
two 4-pin Pin headers for this, with 2.54
1 Support integrated circuit 2 x 4-pin integrated circuit
1 Bracket 2 x 8 pin
Terminal 5 two locations
a PCB ref. S274

Unless otherwise specified, all resistors are 1 / 4 W 5%.


View on the dip switch programming.

view of the prototype is complete.



smart sensors

The ultrasonic sensor "Rilus" home Aurel scale 1.5.

For the easiest station of the alarm, we opted for new RILUS sensors, transmitter and receiver of ultrasound in AUREL. The RILUS is an autonomous system, controlled by a CPU, which includes a transmitter and a receiver 40 kHz. The receiver calculates and stores the time it takes for the signal to traverse the area to be protected. Once established this time, the slightest breach of that space will change this time and the alarm will be triggered (low logic level on A).
By design "intelligent", the RILUS can handle variations in temperatures, gales and other transients, to avoid nuisance tripping. Once powered, the sensor needs about 30 seconds before becoming sensitive and operationally. That would allow the owner of the vehicle or premises to leave the protected area.
This sensor covers an arc of about 70 ° in each direction front, over a radius of 1 to 3 meters (he performs his single span from the power-up). It operates with a DC voltage between 8 and 12 volt it is protected against reverse polarity.
At rest, it sends about the potential of + V, so that it generates an alarm (-) ground. For connections, it is provided with four cable soldered to a connector son SIL at 2.54 mm, we report the following functions:

thread Brown: Food negative
white thread: positive feed wire
yellow LED anode internal
green wire: alarm output

In our application, we do not use the connection 3, that is to say that that the internal LED lights, which is usually used in alarm systems to signal that the lock is active.

flowchart software MF274

Figure 4: Software PIC 12C508 microcontroller designed to control the alarm mini motorhome.

software MF274 is contained in the microcontroller PIC 12C508 comes with the kit or available separately (see "Where to Find Components").
After Power-on Reset initializes the microphone input-output lines with the award for the entrances and those representing the outputs.
Pin 2 is the only one to operate alternately in / out. The program is also awaiting the signal from the decoder of the remote, or the transition 0 / 1 logic to pin 4 which can be generated either by the arrival of a code of mini pack transmitter (remote) or by input ON TO. At the same time, it tests the pin 2 to verify the possible activation of the button SW2.
When the unit receives the RF signal by the remote ON or AUX, the sensor output 1 (pin 6) is activated and, during one second, the output 3 goes to logic 1, the mini siren ringing. This condition signals the activation of the system. Activation of SW2 is analyzed and, if it is international, the microcontroller then activates the second zone. Pin 5 of U4 is found then the high state, which saturates and T2 allows the sensor 2 to be fed. If, instead, SW2 is not pressed, the deactivation signal is expected on pin 4. Otherwise, it reads the status of alarm input, on pin 7 of the PIC 12C508, pending a new event.
If a sensor is activated and maintains its output (A) to logic 0, T3 saturates and generates a voltage of more than 5 volts (on pin 7 of U4) that the program interprets as an alarm. It then launches a routine that keeps the pin 3 to logic 1 for about 30 seconds. During the 30 seconds that sounds the siren, the deactivation signal may arrive on pin 4 or by remote control or by ON TO.
If this occurs, the timer is immediately reset, the alarm condition is canceled and pin 3 returns to logic 0. The LED is flashing to provide information to the user about the anomaly occurred. It cuts power sensors by resetting their respective outputs (pins 5 and 6) and everything is on stand-by, so that the program is reset. If, instead, he faces no pulse off when 30 seconds have elapsed, pin 3 goes back to logic 0 arresting the siren. If the system receives a new alarm, the sequence of activation of the siren for a further period 30 seconds, is launched.
It is important to observe the operation of the double button SW2. Referring to the chart we note that the SW2 button is used to enable or disable the sensor in zone 2 or extinguish the LD1 LED blinking.

Practical realization
The printed circuit given the scale 1 in Figure 3 can be achieved by your usual method or acquired any loan (see "where to find the components). The printed circuit realized, first insert the resistors and diodes (note the ring showing the cathode), then the supports for the integrated circuits having taken care to direct encochedétrompeur as shown in the drawing of Figure 2. Then install the dip switch (three states) DS1, due to enter into the holes in the right direction, then dip the other (simple) that is to say, SW1.
Mount capacitors by checking the polarity of electrolytic and then solder the integrated controller ensuring the 7805 to fit vertically, its metal outward-looking circuit board (see installation drawing). T4, it will be inserted with the metal part facing R2 and R3.
The hybrid receptor is asked, thrusting his paws and then welded it all the way by remembering that it must have its pin 1 side of the resistor R5. No problem anyway since it will only fit one way. To connect the smart ultrasonic sensors, we need two pieces of strip divisible by 4 points each, with 2.54 mm. Just weld them, after having inserted into their respective holes. As for external connections, there is provided a terminal pitch of 5 mm for the siren, the signal LED LD1 button SW2, the Food and activation points ON TO. Points ON TO can remain open or, if you want to use the activation function within the vehicle, connect them to a button or a traditional switch or key.
Remember to make and weld the two straps that you can make with tails of components.
Once the welds are complete, you can go to the wiring. The LED is connected directly to terminals LD1 with two pieces of insulated copper wire, recalling that the cathode is the shorter leg. A SW2 connects any button that will then activate the second zone or to initialize the alarm memory. SIR
supply pads are the mini siren works at 12 V. Observe the polarity of the siren when you connect to its terminal, the + + must be connected to the terminal and ditto for the ground otherwise the buzzer will not work.
At this point, it only remains to connect the 2 sensors (which is expected in our configuration), or even one. If, for example, you want to control a space small enough, you can mount only one sensor (sensor 1). The sensor 2 which controls the area 2 can be excluded since activating the central radio (remote) or locally (ON TO) zone 1 is placed in operation, while 2 remains on standby. To activate it, you must press SW2.
connection with the sensors is performed through small sockets in which they are endowed. This is a four-pole socket with 2.54 mm that easily connects to the male connector soldered to the PCB. Remember that it is essential to respect the meaning and why you must rely on the registration screen of the PCB. The point denoted "A" on the PCB should match the green wire from the female connector of the sensor and the "-" over brown. Anyway, the RILUS are protected against reverse polarity and if you're wrong, the worse the circuit will not work but the sensors will not deteriorate.
After inserting on its stand the microcontroller programmed, set up one by one the other integrated care not to bend pins and aligning the notch-keyed with that of each of their respective holders.
For the receiving antenna of the hybrid module, allow a piece of electrical wire 17 inches long and about 1 mm square solid copper, one end is welded to the TAA or point on the track of the pin 3 of U2.

The full version of our burglar uses two ultrasonic sensors and a remote control for remote activation.



The implementation phase started with the theft
sure each component is in its place, everything is connected correctly and grab a pack transmitter for remote operating at 433.92 MHz and coded based on the Motorola MC145026 (with over 19,600 possible combinations) (model TX1C-SAW-433 is compatible) open it and have the eight dip switches as you wish, remembering that anyone can assume three positions: Central + (logic 1) and - (logic 0). Align identically in the first eight dip switches on the DS1 circuit plant, leaving the ninth position +: it must correspond to channel 1 on the remote, but if it does not work try changing the dip switch number 9 - (0) and try to see how the order.
Now, close the remote and pick up a 12 volt battery (at least 1.1 A / h) or a diet loaded network capable of delivering 12 volts stabilized to an intensity of at least 1.2 amps . Verify that SW1 is closed (R1 shorted) connect the positive to the + V and the negative wire V-(ground). Now the circuit is powered, so treat it with care!
Just the 12 volts applied, the LED should light and then turn off after 10 seconds after which the system is ready to operate while remaining at rest and thus insensitive to each internal momentum.
With the mini transmitter, send a command (just press the button) and check that the siren will sound very brief. If this does not occur, check the position of the dips and try, as indicated above, move the dip 9 of DS1 to find the position corresponding to the remote. Once the operation of the remote control is verified, you can press a second time the transmitter button to reset the system in standby. The siren must make three brief notes together. You can control the input ON TO for local activation: Unite and release points of the respective terminal and verify that the usual siren emits sound (a note) and then repeat the process and wait the three notes of deactivation.
At this stage, the order is in place, we'll see the part about the alarm. Turn back the plant with the remote, after his brief, try switching hands in front of the sensor, making sure nothing happens for at least 25 to 30 seconds. After that date, the system must become sensitive and start ringing. By raising an alarm, the RILUS should produce activation of the siren will sound for half a minute, after which it stops. Now LD1 lights flashing and having in mind the possible incident, allowing the owner to see that the circuit has operated.
Observe that the signal does not fade, even disabling the plant, but continues to avoid that by giving in stand-by, the memory of events is cleared. LD1 To reset, simply press and hold SW2. It remains only to activate the second zone when the lock is activated, only Area 1 is operational, so the sensor is working properly and one is on, so it is usable after interval of 30 seconds. The sensor 2, it is disabled. (Q2 is off).
To use the two areas together, press SW2 once and disable the second area we act on the same button again.
These instructions apply when you order the ignition and until either registered an alarm.
Subsequently, the SW2 is, as we have already said, to initialize the LED (LD1) of memory alarm.

The interior of the remote. The interest must be addressed in the same way as on the plant.

Finally
An alarm is always a large number of possible applications. We can not anticipate all situations but you will adapt this simple installation to your needs. Under a small volume, you now have a system of modern and effective protection.

Hot Softball Bats 2010

Voice Recognition

Voice as access key! We propose in this paper a speech recognition system with eight channels able to collect even the smallest nuances of the human voice. This system works with a new technique for speech recognition is modeled after the human brain and which ensures an accuracy of 99%. The assembly even has a voice synthesis circuit which provides all the information orally to assist the user.


Who has never seen a science fiction film in which computers and automated systems respond and voice activated only after receipt of an order?
Science fiction, precisely, but very little time yet. With respect to speech synthesis systems, "machines that speak" many years ago they are made and that it uses the integrated circuits of different models capable of reproducing sentences with perfect fidelity regardless language.
Regarding speech recognition, the theme is much more complicated and it is only recently that significant results were obtained. To recognize whole words or phrases, it is necessary to use devices feature a very high computing capacity to discern the nuances of the human voice. The possibility that a machine recognizes and understands exactly what can be said by a person is still distant, but great strides have been made in this direction.
For some time, very complex software are able to turn words into text messages, even if their accuracy is low. It is even more difficult to achieve autonomous systems, understand the systems that do not use computers. In this case, the solution is to use microcontrollers highly engineered specifically for DSP (Digital Signal Processor) conducting the analysis using highly complex algorithms that require external memory capacity is very high.
Recently, more sophisticated products than what existed previously, more efficient, but at the same time more flexible and economic, have been developed. Among the manufacturers of the most active and dynamic sector, it should be noted that the company Sensory California has developed a series of devices based on a technology called "Neural network recognition", similar as regards the logic reconnaissance and research that used by the human brain. A technique that significantly reduces the equipment used and at the same time, achieve an accuracy of about 99% against 96% for the most complex systems using DSP. Exploiting this technique, the company Sensory California has developed and commercialized two specific integrated circuits for this application referenced RSC-164 and RSC-264.
Both circuits can operate with a PC or independently. Each of these devices incorporates an 8-bit CPU with 4 MIPS (4 million instructions per second) based on an Intel 8051, an A / D and D / A with their respective filters, 64 Kbytes of ROM and 384 bytes of RAM, a bus to drive external memory and a series of pin I / O (input output) general use, while the 68-pin PLCC or 64-pin QPF. Obviously, such a large concentration of pins makes problematic the use of the integrated circuit by amateurs. For this reason we originally rejected the idea of doing a project based on this circuit.
Fortunately, a few months ago, the California company Sensory marketed a product called "Voice Direct Module" which includes the circuit in question, memory and other components that significantly simplify the implementation of this system.
But the most important thing for us on the connector used is composed of three rows of pins with 2.54 mm. With this module we have developed a system able to recognize eight sentences or words and turn connecting both relays.
It is obviously a matter of first approach to this technology however, but the proposed circuit operates by doing and he does "not wrong once." The device is able to recognize 60 words or phrases for a maximum of 3.2 seconds. Not only the circuit is completely interactive to the extent that it is capable of generating almost 500 words or phrases that guide the user through every action, both during the learning phase than during normal use.
These sentences are in English and are contained in a ROM in this module. It is therefore possible to change the content of this library in order to "talk" to the circuit in other languages.
To operate properly, the circuit requires a learning phase during which the user must decide before a microphone the words or phrases that the system will recognize thereafter.
During this phase, each word or phrase is analyzed and converted into digital data. Unique information that takes into account all possible variants, including intonation and inflection the rate at which we speak. After that, the circuit is activated only and exclusively with the voice of the person who conducted the training.
The digital message is stored in an external serial EEPROM.
During the recognition phase, the system performs the same operation and research among the stored data that is identical. If the research is positive, it activates the corresponding output and promptly notify the word or phrase has been identified by saying: "accepted". Otherwise, it activates the circuit and no output pronounced "unrecognized word." In cases where doubt exists, it delivers the message "repeat to confirm" in order to accept the order.
All functions are managed by three push buttons: P3 is used during the learning phase, P2 is used to erase the data stored and P1 is used as a start button (start) during normal use.
After pressing it, the system requires "a word "And prepares to recognize the word or phrase and act accordingly.
To avoid having to work manually on the start button during normal operation, we installed a circuit vox timed, controlled by the same microphone used by the voice recognition circuit. In this way just to approach the system and saying it out loud "activation" or any other word. This action is equivalent to a pressure P1. The
prompted to utter a word and performing the identification. To avoid that, during this phase, the Vox is activated again, It was proposed that a timer that inhibits the operation for about 10 seconds, enough time to complete the recognition process. In our application, the circuit combines an output of a relay fitted to each word or sentence reviewed.
We used only eight relay outputs and as many among the sixty available to us. In this configuration, the output logic becomes very simple. So much so that simply connect directly to each of the eight output lines, one of eight power stages.
To complete the circuit, we have provided a low frequency amplifier stage, capable of delivering 1 watt, and a voltage regulator designed to provide 5 volts stabilized module.


analysis diagram
To understand thoroughly the operation of the circuit, we must, above all, give a look to the module M1. This device, made entirely with SMT, has very compact dimensions and uses for its connection to external components, three in-line connectors with 2.54 mm named JP1, JP2 and JP3. The numbering of the module M1 carried over the wiring diagram refers to the pins of the connector JP2. The module is powered by a voltage of 5 volts to be applied between pin 4 (positive), 3 and 5 (negative). Pins 6 and 7, connected to the internal PWM generator, are connected to ground through two resistors. On pin 1 is applied and the microphone signal on pin 8 is available from the voice signal output.
The data bus is located on pins 12 to 19. Each of these lines has a "weight" different logical in the sense that the first line (pin 12) is "1", the second (pin 13) is "2" and so on until the eighth (pin 19 ) which is "8". If the memory circuit is completely used up with 60 words or phrases available when a word is identified, eg the third stored word, the third output line (pin 14) has, for a brief moment, a high logic level. It will be the same with the seventh line (pin 18) when the seventh word will be identified. If, for cons, the circuit recognizes the word that occupies the eleventh place in memory, which output active there? The answer is intuitive: Line 8 (pin 19) along the line 3 (pin 14) for 8 + 3 = 11. If you do not want to panic the relay must be limited to the first 8 positions from memory. For
pins 10 and 11 and lines on buttons are assigned other duties. Line 11 controls the learning section.
action on P3 phase starts learning phrases or words. The entire process is guided by the voice synthesis system generated by the integrated circuit. To stop the learning phase, press briefly on P3. A long press (at least one second) clears all data in the EEPROM and the learning cycle starts from the beginning. Mini DS1b switch controls the level of accuracy. Closed
, the maximum precision is obtained, opened, tolerance increases slightly. The same action applies to DS1 which acts by cons during the recognition phase. Both switches closed, we obtain an accuracy of about 99%, at least that's what the manufacturer claims. Indeed, during our tests, it never happened that a wrong output is enabled by cons, sometimes the system does not identify the word in the first attempt.
To start speech recognition, you must press P1 and follow the voice instructions given by the circuit. However, to make use of the system as convenient as possible during operation Normally, we have provided a vox system formed by the transistors T1 and T2 and the logical network formed by the gates of U2. The audio captured by the microphone is sent to the input of the M1 (pin 1). At the same time, this signal is rectified by the diode D1 and transformed into a pulse, the monostable active U2c U2a through the door. In turn, this floor control transistor T2 is located in parallel on the pusher P1. The sensitivity of the microphone is intentionally low so that the circuit is activated unnecessarily and that during the identification phase, noise is not superimposed on the user's sentence, altering the recognition process.
In practice, to activate the device, you must speak to a distance of 10-20 cm from the microphone and a similar distance is required for the recognition phase.
The audio signal generated by the module (recall that memory contains nearly 500 phrases) is available on pin 8. This signal is sent to the integrated circuit U3 to amplify.
The circuit used in this stage is the TBA820M, able to deliver a power of 1 watt on a load of 8 ohms. The RC networks are connected to different pins to determine the closed loop gain and limit the bandwidth down and down above. The amplified signal available on pin 5 drives the 8 ohm speaker connected between the output and ground. The volume is controlled via the potentiometer R15 which the cursor is directly connected to the input pin (pin 3) of TBA820M.
The eight output lines (pins 12 to 19) are connected to 8 power stages driving each relay.
When the line is activated, it goes from low to high, allowing the saturation of the transistor. On the collector of the latter, we have a relay and an LED that are activated briefly.
The relay contacts can be used to drive an electric or electronic devices, such as the electric lock of the door. Imagine the surprise that can produce a system that opens the door of the house by simply saying "open the door! But the most mesmerizing thing is that if someone else tries to open the door on the same principle, she will invariably reply in the system: "unrecognized word." For
circuit power, use a DC 12 volt DC capable of delivering 200 to 300 mA. This voltage feeds directly into the power stage BM and eight relay outputs. The other floors, including the M1 module, powered by a voltage of 5 volts supplied by the integrated controller U1, a 7805.




Figure 1: Diagram of the speech recognition system 8 channels.

Figure 2: Implementation plan components.

Figure 3: PCB scale 1 / 1 of the speech recognition system 8 channels.

Figure 4: Overview of a speech recognition system 8 channels.

Iist
R1: R2 10 kilohms
: 1 kilohm
R3: 6.8 kΩ
R4: 1 kilohm
R5: 220 kΩ
R6: 1 kilohm
A7: 10 kilohms
R8: 220 kΩ
A9: 10 kilohms
R10: 120 Ω
R11 10 kilohms R12
: 1.2 kΩ R13
: 47 kilohm
R14: 47 kilohm
R15: 47 kilohm adjustable
R16: 150 Ω
R17: 56 Ω R18
: 1 Ω
R19: 2.2 Ω
AR: 10 kW (8 pcs)
RB: 22 kW (8 pcs)
RC: 1 kilohm (8 pcs)
C1: 470 C2
chemical μF/35 V: 470 V μF/25 chemical
C3: 10 C4
chemical μF/63 V: 47 V chemical μF/25
C5: 47 V chemical μF/25
C6: 47 C7
chemical μF/25 V: 1 V μF/63
chemical C8: 100 nF multilayer
C9: 100 C10
chemical μF/25 V: 47 V chemical μF/25
C11: 150 pF ceramic
C12: 100 nF multilayer
C13: 470 C14
chemical μF/25 V: 220 V μF/25 chemical
C15 : 220 V μF/16 chemical
C16: 100 nF multilayer
C17: 100 nF multilayer
AC: 100 V μF/25 chemical (8 pcs)
D1 Diode 1N4148
D2 Diode 1N4148
D3: D4 Diode 1N4148
: Diode 1N4007
DA: 1N4007 Diode (8 pcs)
T1: BC547B NPN Transistor
T2: BC547B NPN Transistor
TA: NPN Transistor BC547B (8 pcs)
LDA: red LED (8 pcs)
U1: U2
7805: Integrated Circuit CD4093
U3: Integrated Circuit TBA820M
M1 : Sensory Voice Direct Module
RLA: Relay 12 V 1RT (8 pcs)
DS1: Dip switch 2 poles
P1: Push Button N / O
P2: Push Button N / O
P3: Push Button N / O
MIC: electret microphone 2 poles
HP: Loudspeaker 8 Ω 1 W

Miscellaneous:
1 x 8 pin IC Sockets IC Sockets
1 x 3 x 14-pin Terminal 2
pads for ICs
8 x 3-pin terminal block for PCB
1 x 50 pin Barrette scored for ICs
1 x PCB ref. L026





module used in this project produced by California Sensory is part of a series of devices called Interactive Speech, specifically designed for speech recognition. The module used in our application (Voice Direct IC Module) allows for a very simple way a complete system of voice recognition.
For the connection, the module has three rows of pins in line with 2.54 mm.

Achieving
Through the use of Voice Direct IC Module "that is the RSC-164 integrated module, the realization of this project is certainly within reach of all our readers. When wiring the system, we have provided a printed circuit on which all components are mounted. He is drawn to scale 1 / 1. To allow easy realization, you should realize it by the photographic method which enables a map similar in all respects to ours. For connecting the module, use three strips of material tulip with 2.54 mm in 14, 17 and 19 pins arranged as shown the site plan components. Mount
first components of the lowest and polarized components (note the + and -). Continue through the diodes and transistors, making sure their orientation. For installation of two integrated circuits, use two brackets, one 8-pin and a 14 pin. Then, mount and solder the eight relays and screw terminals for external connections. Finally, insert the module M1 which can be mounted in only one direction. At this point we must thoroughly check the wiring to detect a possible error or a bad weld.
To function properly, the system requires a phase of self-learning. For this, we must eliminate the vox circuit, this amount is obtained simply by not removing or not U2. Also choose the precision of the system, both in the learning phase in recognition phase. The first jet, it should leave open the two switches (the lowest accuracy). Press the button and follow the instructions P3 system that prompts you to pronounce the word or phrase that can validate the exit number 1 ("Say word one") and repeating the same word to confirm ("repeat to confirm") for then pronounce the sentence ("Accepted") and proceed to follows ("say word two"). The length of the word or phrase must not exceed 3.2 seconds. For the reasons that we have exposed further, we must speak at a distance of about 20 centimeters from the microphone. To stop the learning phase, press briefly on P2.
Remember that to erase all data in memory, you must press a P2 for a longer time (> 1 second). Do not store more than 8 sentences to prevent more than one of the 8 control lines are activated at once.
At this point we are ready for recognition.
Try pressing P1 and follow the voice prompts ("Say A Word"). The system should recognize the eight sentences stored safely. Of course the speaker must be the same as that carried out the learning phase, because the same sentence spoken by another person will not be recognized. If everything works correctly, after shutting off the power, insert the integrated circuit U2 and verify the operation of the vox. To get the boot, just strong enough to speak into the microphone by saying any word to activate the vox, the circuit generates a pulse that simulates the closure of P1.